Oceans

=Oceans= "The Breaking Wave off Kanagawa" by Hokusai = =

=Section 1: "Exploring the Open Ocean" - Ocean Water Chemistry =



__**Salinity**__ - the total amount of dissolved salts (Sodium Chloride) in a sample of water

 * ==What is the Average Salt Concentration of Ocean Water? 3.5 %==
 * ==Which is more Dense, Saltwater or Fresh water? Salt water!==
 * ==Where is the saltiest water found?==
 * ==At the bottom of the ocean! Think about it-- the most dense stuff is always found on the bottom!==
 * ==Also at the poles; when glaciers freeze they leave the salt in the ocean.==
 * ==At the bottom of the ocean! Think about it-- the most dense stuff is always found on the bottom!==
 * ==Also at the poles; when glaciers freeze they leave the salt in the ocean.==
 * ==Also at the poles; when glaciers freeze they leave the salt in the ocean.==


 * ==Salinity at the surface changes with Precipitation (lowers salinity) and Evaporation (raises salinity)==

=__Temperatures__ at the surface of the ocean vary with location and the seasons=

Descending through the water column, the **temperature decreases** consistently
=View the two pictures below: =
 * ==Which surface zone is more dense and why?==
 * ==Which body of water has a higher salinity and why?==
 * vs.**

**Pressure increases** the deeper you go. It's as if you are "carrying" the weight of the water above you.

 * ===For every 10 meters, the pressure goes up by 1 ATM.===
 * ===A scuba Diver can safely dive to around 40 meters. (= 4 ATMS)===
 * ===Beyond this, must use a Submersible or underwater vehicle to resist the pressure.===
 * [[image:submersible.jpg]]

Sonar - **SO**und **NA**vigation and **R**anging
>
 * ===sound waves to calculate distance of objects===
 * ===helpful to map the ocean floor===

**//Mid-ocean Ridge-// divergent oceanic boundary**
=//**See if you can identify which photo is which vocab word!**//= =//**The first picture contains two....**//=


 * Answer Key!!**

Recall: How many meters can you safely dive?
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=Section 2- Wave Action=

Rogue Wave Caught on Tape media type="custom" key="29027327"



Click this link for an Animated Ocean Wave



=As a wave approaches shore, what happens to Wavelength, Wave Height and Speed?=


 * ==A: Friction with the sand causes speed to decrease==
 * ==This causes the waves to get closer together which decreases wavelength.==
 * ==The amount of water bunches together which causes the wave height to increase.==


 * Tsunamis - What causes tsunamis?**

Caused by an earthquake on the oceans floor (not the wind)
__**Beach Erosion**__
 * What are the major differences between barrier beaches, sand dunes, and groins? How do each help with Beach Erosion?**
 * Study the pictures below:**

=Currents and climate =

Everyone's Favorite...!!

Bill Nye: media type="custom" key="24957288"

BrainPop: Ocean Currents
One More Good Video Resource: Click Here media type="custom" key="27293524"



Coriolois Effect Explained:
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El Nino/ La Nina explained..
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Intelecom version: media type="custom" key="25239166"



=For your Viewing Pleasure! =

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=__**Tides**__= Tides - the daily rise and fall of Earth's waters on its coastlines
 * happen regularly - no matter how the wind blows
 * happens in all bodies of water - most noticeable in large lakes and oceans
 * caused by the interaction of the Earth, moon, and sun (gravity)

BrainPop: Tides
__**Daily Tides**__ __**Monthly Tides**__ > > **Spring Tide** > Greatest difference between high and low tides > > **Neap Tide**
 * High tides occur about 12 hours and 25 minutes apart
 * Eastern parts pass through the tidal bulge before points further west
 * Many factors affect the height of the tide in any particular location - mostly landforms that interrupt water's movement
 * Capes
 * Peninsulas
 * Islands
 * The sun pulls the water of Earth toward it due to its massive size
 * Sometimes the sun and the moon are pulling together, and at other times they are pulling in opposite directions
 * Monthly, the positions of all three (Earth, moon, and sun) affect the **height** of the tides
 * Occurs twice a month (new moon and full moon)
 * Sun and moon are lined up and gravitational pulls are combined
 * Occurs twice a month (first and third quarter moon)
 * Sun and moon pull at right angles to one another
 * Least difference between high and low tides

At what two Lunar Phases is the Tidal difference the highest? The lowest?
How can tides be used to generate electricity? > gravity pulls the water back to sea through tunnels that power generators that produce electricity (like a hydroelectric dam) > > **Limitations**
 * Energy from Tides**
 * movement of huge amounts of water between high and low tide are a source of potential energy - energy that is stored and waiting to be used
 * tidal power plants designed to capture energy as the tide moves in and out
 * Practical only where there is a large change between high and low tides (4 or 5 meters)
 * This only occurs in a few places in the world



-- Here is the graph drawn in class. Make sure you understand how we set the graph up and what the graph means.
**Follow up questions:**

(Ask your peers about these answers if you do not recall them from class discussion.)
==

== = =

**Tidal Graphing #2- Use the Following Data Table to Make another Tidal Graph**
(use the back of the previous graph paper.)



Bay of Fundy Tides
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Severn River in England- this one is a Competition each year.
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How about on the Amazon River!
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Here's an Audi trying to cross the Passage of Gois in France which connects to an island-- it can only be driven on twice a day....
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=Bonus Question on the TEST!!!!!!! Must Research on your own:=

**1. Number the following from lowest salinity (1) to highest (5). (worth 2 pts) **
Mouth of river Dead Sea Tap Water Ocean at the Equator Ocean at the Poles