Fresh+Water

=Lesson 1: The Water Cycle= media type="custom" key="28188067"

__Documents for 11.1__



=Lesson 2: Water on the Surface=

=__Tributary__: smaller streams and rivers that feed into a main river. Flows downhill due to gravity.= = = =__River System__: Tributaries + Main River=

=What major River System is pictured below? Name the tributaries.= (A: Mississippi River System, all other labeled rivers are tributaries. The ENTIRE area is the Mississippi Watershed-- 2/3 of the US!!!)

=Watershed: land area that supplies water to a River system. Also called a "Drainage Basin"=

= =
 * Smaller Watersheds can overlap with bigger ones
 * Example: Missouri and Ohio watershed are part of the Mississippi River Watershed.

This means that if it rains in Ohio, where could it end up? Trace the path in the map above to see!
. A: Oconee (but ultimately the Altamaha and then the Atlantic Ocean!)
 * If it rains in the light purple land area, what river system will it flow into?

Chattahoochee River Head waters in Habersham, GA


Eventually looks like this...

And this is the mouth of the Chattahoochee before it dumps into what body of water...? A: Gulf of Mexixo.

Now here's the mouth of the Mississippi:
An Aerial view:

=Divide: Ridge of land that separate watersheds. Streams on each side flow in different directions.=

If it rains on the Continental Divide, where does it go?
A: See Sign below.
 * **Western rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean**
 * **Eastern rivers flow into the Mississippi or Gulf of Mexico (which connect to the Atlantic!)**

=*** Eventually, where do all rivers lead...???? Why?=



A: The Ocean. Because all rivers flow downhill towards sea level due to gravity.

=**Rivers and Floods**=

=Floods: when volume of water in river exceeds its river channel.=
 * ===As the water increases, so does its ENERGY!===
 * ===They are capable of UPROOTING TREES, and CARRYING AWAY HOUSES!===
 * ===But they can also leave the ground MOIST AND FERTILE.===

Dams: barrier across a River

 * ==Redirects water in case of a flood==
 * ==Releases water in the Dry Season.==
 * ==Some provide Hydroelectric Power==
 * ==Some provide Hydroelectric Power==

The Hoover Dam: What's the name of the //reservoir// behind Hoover Dam?
A: Lake Mead

Levees: Long ridges on the side of the rivers

 * ==Helps to build up the River Channel (allows it to hold more flood water)==
 * ==Can be made of Sandbags or Large Stones.==

***What could happen downstream, during a period of heavy rain, when the levees run out?
A: Sometimes causes major flooding downstream with the levees run out.

Watch the sequence of events below...:

Volume of water exceeding the river channel... Increased water volume= increased ENERGY. Look at the water, it practically looks angry. And remember, it's all technically flowing downhill...

Floods can also take place when dams or levees break:
Here's a picture of the levees in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina:

Flood Videos:

 * 1) 1 Timelapse

media type="custom" key="24861482" Ice Jam in Pennsylvania-- January 2014

Extreme Katrina Video media type="custom" key="24861236"

Flood Safety: two links. Know these not necessarily for the Test, but for your own good!
Click Here for Flood Safety Tips

This Link provided by WeatherWiz

=If you Remember Nothing else in this class, Remember this about Flood Safety:= = = = The #1 Rule is to get to Higher Ground = = = = The #2 Rule is TADD... =

(from the NOAA website)

IV. Bodies of Fresh Water  A. Ponds and Lakes have still water; Rivers have moving water.  B. Ponds- usually smaller and more shallow than lakes.  C. Both form when water collects in hollows and low-lying areas.  i.) Caused by rainfall, melting snow and ice, runoff. V. Ponds  A. Full of Life! i.) Shallow water allows sunlight to reach bottom of pond. ii.) Plants use sunlight to produce oxygen which is used by the organisms.  B. May dry up in the heat and recreate itself during the next runoff  C. May ice on the top with organisms still living down below VI. Lakes  · <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Bigger and deeper than ponds and sometimes VERY large. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> · <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sunlight does NOT reach the bottom so no algae/plant growth, but sand and pebbles. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A. Lake Formation <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> i.) Most are made from nature <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Crater of a volcano <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> ii.) Man-made <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> a.)Building a dam across a river <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> · <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Uses include supplying drinking water, irrigating fields, boating and fishing. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> · <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A lake that <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> stores water is called a __reservoir.__  <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> · <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Hoover Dam has a reservoir called Lake Mead.  <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> · <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ex. Lake Lanier behind Buford Dam

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">B. Lake Habitats <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> i.) Provides habitats for many organisms <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">a.) The organisms in the shallow water near the shore are the same as found in a pond. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">b.) Deep water doesn’t allow sunlight so not much lives in the deep water besides large bony fish.

=Keep reading... Quiz bonus question below...=

Lake Lanier in GA:

What dam did they build to create this reservoir? Buford Dam!

=Quiz Bonus Question!!!!= What entire town did they flood in order to create Lake Lanier? Click the article- it will be in the highlighted paragraph!

Lake Turnover and Eutrophication
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">VII. Changes in a Lake <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> A. __Lake turnover__- as water mixes, the nutrient supply is refreshed in the lake. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">i.) Water mixes when the density of water changes. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">a.) Density changes are caused by seasonal warming and cooling of the lake water throughout the year. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> B. __Eutrophication__- Build up of nutrients in a freshwater source. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> i.) Algae feeds on these “limitless” nutrients= algal bloom.



= =



What happens when Man-made Eutrophication occurs from Runoff of Fertilizers... Too many nutrients = Algal Bloom


<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">VIII. Icebergs <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A. Although icebergs are found in the ocean (saltwater), they themselves are freshwater. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> i.) Ice originates from snow which is simply precipitation (freshwater.) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> B. Glaciers generally found in the Arctic and Antarctic areas. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> C. Can be the size of houses or even the size of states. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> D. Only 10% floats on top of the water, 90 % is hidden underwater. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">i.) The underwater portion is the dangerous part b/c boats don’t see it! <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Example of most of the ice being underneath the seawater! <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">What famous ship sank due to hitting an iceburg? <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Columbia River Debate
Background Video on Sockeye Salmon Life Cycle (if video is not here, click this link)

Here are 2 sources of info for this debate...

Columbia River Debate- National Geographic

Obama Administration with Columbia River Debate via Oregon Press

=Lesson 3: Water Underground= <span class="wiki_link_ext">USGS Website on Aquifers and Wells

Porosity and Permeability:


=Diagrams: Springs, Active Wells, Artesian Wells, and Aquifers=

=<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">**How to Make a Working Artesian Well** =



=Aquifer Assembly:=

8. Now without your book (but you can have your FC list out for spelling) complete the lab form. Only one turned in but __each student must fill out the lab form.__
==

=Section 11.4: Wetland Environments= Here's a 6 minute clip from Bill Nye! media type="custom" key="24957302" Salt marsh (grasses and open ocean water)- i would have to tell you it is ocean water.

Mangrove Forest (notice the root system)

Bog. (mosses. has acidic ground to grow the moss) Swamp. The trees are the give-away! Marsh- grasses are the give away. I would have to tell you it is freshwater.

= = =Why does this all matter?=

What would happen if we paved over the Everglades?
media type="custom" key="28201985"



=<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Test Bonus Questions-- you may jot the answers down on a notecard with your name (staple to your test after you are finished taking it) And do NOT share answers with other students! =

==<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Click Here! to find the answers to the following questions on the Florida Everglades... ==

1. How many people depend on the Everglades for their Water Supply? 2. Name the insect that is known as a keystone species b/c it is so important to the Food Chain. Hint: Without it, two other creatures couldn't survive in the food chain... 3. The Everglades is the only place where these two creatures co-exist. Otherwise you only find one or the other but not both. 4. Thinking Question: What kind of wetland would have the nickname "River of Grasses" 5. Search back through the wiki and figure out... what TADD stands for? 6. ...and...What's the number one rule of flood safety? = =